Field-test science, not a black box.
Every VO2max, heart-rate zone, and Force-Velocity number on a player's profile comes from published, validated field-test formulas — the same ones used in sports science research — not something invented for this platform.
VO2max · HR zones · Force-Velocity · MAS · LactateEvery method shown side by side
A VO2max estimate can come from a Cooper 12-minute run, a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test, a Beep Test, or a Bronco Test — whichever ones a player actually has data for get shown side by side, rather than the platform silently picking one and hiding the rest. Nothing here quietly chooses a single 'best' number for a coach.
Real formulas, not invented ones
Every calculator traces back to a named, published method — Cooper's 1968 run-distance formula, Léger's 20m shuttle run equation, the Karvonen heart-rate-reserve formula for training zones, Sayers' peak-power jump estimate. These are deliberately field-test approximations, not lab-grade measurements — built for what a team can actually measure with a stopwatch, a jump mat, and a heart-rate monitor, not a VO2 mask and a treadmill lab.
Independent of the score that ranks a player
These are opt-in physiological estimates on a player's profile — they inform training decisions like which heart-rate zone to prescribe or whether a player is force- or velocity-dominant in their sprint. None of them ever feed into the Athletic Performance Score, a pillar score, or a team ranking. A coach can use them without them ever quietly changing where a player sits on the scoreboard.